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Chapter 5 Capturing Audio

Capturing refers to the process of obtaining a signal from outside the computer. A common application of audio capture is recording, such as recording the microphone input to a sound file. However, capturing isn't synonymous with recording, because recording implies that the application always saves the sound data that's coming in. An application that captures audio doesn't necessarily store the audio. Instead it might do something with the data as it's coming in-such as transcribe speech into text-but then discard each buffer of audio as soon as it's finished with that buffer.

As discussed in Chapter 2, "Overview of the Sampled Package ," a typical audio-input system in an implementation of the Java^TM Sound API consists of:

An input port, such as a microphone port or a line-in port, which feeds its incoming audio data into:
A mixer, which places the input data in:
One or more target data lines, from which an application can retrieve the data.
Commonly, only one input port can be open at a time, but an audio-input mixer that mixes audio from multiple ports is also possible. Another scenario consists of a mixer that has no ports but instead gets its audio input over a network.
The TargetDataLine interface was introduced briefly under "The Line Interface Hierarchy" in Chapter 2, "Overview of the Sampled Package ." TargetDataLine is directly analogous to the SourceDataLine interface, which was discussed extensively in Chapter 4, "Playing Back Audio ." Recall that the SourceDataLine interface consists of:

A write method to send audio to the mixer
An available method to determine how much data can be written to the buffer without blocking

Similarly, TargetDataLine consists of:

A read method to get audio from the mixer
An available method to determine how much data can be read from the buffer without blocking

Setting Up a TargetDataLine

The process of obtaining a target data line was described in Chapter 3, "Accessing Audio System Resources ," but we repeat it here for convenience:

TargetDataLine line;
DataLine.Info info = new DataLine.Info(TargetDataLine.class, 

    format); // format is an AudioFormat object
if (!AudioSystem.isLineSupported(info)) {
    // Handle the error ... 
}
// Obtain and open the line.
try {

    line = (TargetDataLine) AudioSystem.getLine(info);
    line.open(format);
} catch (LineUnavailableException ex) {
    // Handle the error ... 
}

You could instead invoke Mixer's getLine method, rather than AudioSystem's.

As shown in this example, once you've obtained a target data line, you reserve it for your application's use by invoking the DataLine method open, exactly as was described in the case of a source data line in Chapter 4, "Playing Back Audio ." The single-parameter version of the open method causes the line's buffer to have the default size. You can instead set the buffer size according to your application's needs by invoking the two-parameter version:

    void open(AudioFormat format, int bufferSize)

When choosing a buffer size, keep in mind the tradeoff between the delays incurred by long buffers, on the one hand, and the risk of discontinuities in the audio if the buffers are so short that you can't retrieve the data fast enough, on the other hand. When capturing audio, you risk data overflow if you don't pull data from the filled buffers fast enough. If overflow occurs, some of the captured data will be discarded, which will probably cause audible clicks and skips in the sound. This is the opposite situation from playback, where you risk data underflow, which can result in gaps in the sound. (See Chapter 4, "Playing Back Audio ," for more on choosing buffer sizes.)

Reading the Data from the TargetDataLine

Once the line is open, it is ready to start capturing data, but it isn't active yet. To actually commence the audio capture, use the DataLine method start. This begins delivering input audio data to the line's buffer for your application to read. Your application should invoke start only when it's ready to begin reading from the line; otherwise a lot of processing is wasted on filling the capture buffer, only to have it overflow (that is, discard data).

To start retrieving data from the buffer, invoke TargetDataLine's read method:

int read(byte[] b, int offset, int length)

This method attempts to read length bytes of data into the array b, starting at the byte position offset in the array. The method returns the number of bytes actually read.

As with SourceDataLine's write method, you can request more data than actually fits in the buffer, because the method blocks until the requested amount of data has been delivered, even if you request many buffers' worth of data.

To avoid having your application hang during recording, you can invoke the read method within a loop, until you've retrieved all the audio input, as in this example:

// Assume that the TargetDataLine, line, has already
// been obtained and opened.
ByteArrayOutputStream out  = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
int numBytesRead;
byte[] data = new byte[line.getBufferSize() / 5];

// Begin audio capture.
line.start();

// Here, stopped is a global boolean set by another thread.
while (!stopped) {
   // Read the next chunk of data from the TargetDataLine.
   numBytesRead =  line.read(data, 0, data.length);
   // Save this chunk of data.
   out.write(data, 0, numBytesRead);
}

Notice that in this example, the size of the byte array into which the data is read is set to be one-fifth the size of the line's buffer. If you instead make it as big as the line's buffer and try to read the entire buffer, you need to be very exact in your timing, because data will be dumped if the mixer needs to deliver data to the line while you are reading from it. By using some fraction of the line's buffer size, as shown here, your application will be more successful in sharing access to the line's buffer with the mixer.

The read method of TargetDataLine takes three arguments: a byte array, an offset into the array, and the number of bytes of input data that you would like to read. In this example, the third argument is simply the length of your byte array. The read method returns the number of bytes that were actually read into your array.

Typically, you read data from the line in a loop, as in this example. Within the while loop, each chunk of retrieved data is processed in whatever way is appropriate for the application-here, it's written to a ByteArrayOutputStream. Not shown here is the use of a separate thread to set the boolean stopped, which terminates the loop. This boolean's value might be set to true when the user clicks a Stop button, and also when a listener receives a CLOSE or STOP event from the line. The listener is necessary for CLOSE events and recommended for STOP events. Otherwise, if the line gets stopped somehow without stopped being set to true, the while loop will capture zero bytes on each iteration, running fast and wasting CPU cycles. A more thorough code example would show the loop being re-entered if capture becomes active again.

As with a source data line, it's possible to drain or flush a target data line. For example, if you're recording the input to a file, you'll probably want to invoke the drain method when the user clicks a Stop button. The drain method will cause the mixer's remaining data to get delivered to the target data line's buffer. If you don't drain the data, the captured sound might seem to be truncated prematurely at the end.

There might be some cases where you instead want to flush the data. In any case, if you neither flush nor drain the data, it will be left in the mixer. This means that when capture recommences, there will be some leftover sound at the beginning of the new recording, which might be undesirable. It can be useful, then, to flush the target data line before restarting the capture.

Monitoring the Line's Status

Because the TargetDataLine interface extends DataLine, target data lines generate events in the same way source data lines do. You can register an object to receive events whenever the target data line opens, closes, starts, or stops. For more information, see "Monitoring the Line's Status" in Chapter 4, "Playing Back Audio ."

Processing the Incoming Audio

Like some source data lines, some mixers' target data lines have signal-processing controls, such as gain, pan, reverb, or sample-rate controls. The input ports might have similar controls, especially gain controls. For more information on how to determine whether a line has such controls, and how to use them if it does, see Chapter 6, "Processing Audio with Controls ."

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